“Secular humanists suspect there is something more gloriously human about resisting the religious impulse; about accepting the cold truth, even if that truth is only that the universe is as indifferent to us as we are to it; about facing the existents” said Thomas Flynn , an American author and Editor of the Free Enquiry Magazine.
There are ways that we define India. For example:
India and its diversity
India and its cultural heritage
India and its population
India and its secularism....?
The word SECULAR features in the Preamble of our Indian Constitution. The Indian constitution declares India to be a SECULAR state. But how does it define India and Indians in the process?
India a land of cultural and religious diversity has to maintain equilibrium among the various forces and patterns of the society. Religion is the science of ethics. It cannot be jettisoned and then society expected to be ethical. We need to redefine secularism. It should mean total acceptance, not mere tolerance, of other faiths. Secularity around the globe means without any inherently religious about them where as in India it means the co-existence of all religion under one roof.
There is always a big gap between theory and practice, theology and history. Indian constitution, no doubt, is one of the best in the world. It is truly secular in spirit so much so it was secular even when word secular was not added to it until 1975 i.e. during emergency. If it were truly implemented India would be an ideal country to live in especially for minorities, both religious as well as linguistic.
Religious Secularism is the most prime aspect of secularism in India. Swami Vivekananda one of India’s foremost Hindu secularist said “No nation is great or good because Parliament enacts this or that, but because its men are great and good.I do not believe in reform; I believe in growth. Theirs is a method of destruction, mine is that of construction."
M.K Gandhi, the father of our nation and one of the prime architects of shaping India was firm believer of equality and tolerance and he had realized that it would be impossible to organize any nationwide movement against the common opposition of the British oppressors, if society continues to remain divided on religious grounds. Secularism for Gandhi was an absolute necessity to bring about any form of constructive and all-encompassing political movement.
But one needs to observe that India had been a secular entity (Because India as a nation did not exist pre colonial rule) all along mush before the British arrived.
India has over a thousand year old history of rulers who were followers of different religion where people of various sects and religion live harmoniously. When the British left India in 1947, two new nations were created. The division of the Indian subcontinent into India and Pakistan and again later in 1955, with the division of East Pakistan, which in 1971 became Bangladesh, resulted in mass migrations of people among the new nations. It was probably for the first time religion had scarred the people mindsets. Since then, Pakistan has struggled to define itself as an Islamic republic. In contrast, India currently defines itself constitutionally as a "secular" republic. Nonetheless, with a population that is over 80 percent Hindu, but also includes the world's second largest Muslim population (e.g. more Muslims currently live in India than in all Middle Eastern countries combined), the role of "religion" in political and public life has been central, and conflicts among religious groups continue in many areas. One of the main sites for religious conflict in modern India involves the issue of religious conversion.
The history of secularism in India may be traced since the time of Ashoka (300 B.C.). Ashoka declared that the state would not persecute any religious sect. Ashoka's secular outlook is evident from rock edicts in which the king made a passionate appeal for tolerance of all religious sects and spirit of reverence towards them. He stood for non-violence, particularly after the Kalinga war. His law of Dhamma was marked by liberalism, charity and compassion. He stood for moral order where character and conduct played greater role than rituals and ceremonies. He pleaded for restraint in the criticism of other religious sects. Ashoka's secular outlook and reverence to all religions, has been the vision of the architects of Indian constitution which has been enshrined in the Preamble of Indian Constitution and it is also reflected throughout the Constitution.
But today this spirit of tolerance and sanctity which draws from the best in human commonsense is imperilled by the rising tide of religious fanaticism and terrorism back by religious theology. This is happening not just in India but all across the globe.
One of scars in the face of Indian Secularism is the Babri Masjid incident which wounded the Indian mind set so deeply that India and Indians had to pay the price time and again. The first recorded incident of violence over the issue between Hindus and Muslims took place in 1853 during the reign of Nawab Wajid Ali Shah of Awadh.
During the "communal riots" of 1934, walls around the Masjid and one of the domes of the Masjid were damaged. These were reconstructed by the British Government.
In 1985 the Rajiv Gandhi government ordered the locks on the Ram Janmabhoomi-Babri Masjid in Ayodhya to be removed. Until then, only a Hindu priest had been permitted to perform yearly puja for the idols there in 1949. After the ruling, all Hindus were given access to what they consider the birthplace of Rama, and the mosque resumed its function as a Hindu temple.
In 1984, the VHP launched a massive movement for the openings of the locks of the mosque were opened.
In 1989 VHP steps up campaign, laying the foundations of a Rama temple on land adjacent to the disputed mosque.
In 1990 VHP volunteers partially damage the mosque. Prime Minister Chandra Shekhar tries to resolve the dispute through negotiations, which fail the next year.
In 1991 BJP comes to power in Uttar Pradesh state, where Ayodhya is located.
In 1992 the mosque is torn down by the members and supporters of the VHP, the Shiv Sena the BJP and the kar sevaks, prompting nationwide rioting between Hindus and Muslims in Mumbai and other parts of the country where more than 2,000 people die.
In 1993 there are series of bomb blast occur in Mumbai which appear to be communal in nature.
The aftershock of these riots were probably last faced during the Godhra riots in 2002. Where the train Sabarmati Express was forcibly stopped and attacked by a mob which later resulted in the Hindu Muslim riots in Gujrat.
On 16 December, 1992, Liberhan Commission was set up by the Government of India to probe the circumstances that led to the demolition of the Babri Masjid.[9] It has been longest running commission in India's history with several extensions granted by various governments. Politicians like L.K.Advani and Murli Manohar Joshi were alleged to be influential in the demolition. On 23 November 2009 the Liberhan commission report was leaked to the media. The leaked report concluded that the demolition was planned by top leaders of the Hindu Nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party.
One can argue that why a historical structure which was a prime archaeological structure and stood there on the grounds for centuries had to sacrificed along bloodshed and human lives. The Qutub Minar was built by Qutubuddin Aibak - the first Muslim ruler of Delhi. He built the Qutub Minar from the columns pillaged from the numerous Hindu and Jain temples, he destroyed. But after seven hundred years of tyranny, the spirit of religious tolerance and respect for diversity has survived in Hindu majority post-colonial India. This is an example of India secularism.
Now the identity politics soared quite high and national ethos considerably weakened. Today everyone prioritize once caste, communal and religious identity over national one. National rhetoric, as if, has almost disappeared and even Hindutva forces talk more of Hindu religion than of patriotism or nation. For them too Indian nationalism has been replaced by Hindu nationalism.
For Shiv Sena of course Maharashtra was always more important than the Rashtra (nation) and those Hindus too who spoke Hindi the Rashtrabhasha (national language) came under attack. Several Hindus from U.P. and Bihar were mauled by Marathi speaking zealots belonging to Maharashtra Navniram Sena (MNS), a splinter group from Shiv Sena.
Now recently Christians who were never targeted before by the Hindutva zealots have also come under attack. Christians, a mere 2.2 percent minority and which has contributed so richly to the country in the field of education and health services are being killed ruthlessly. What is going on in Kandhmal district of Orissa and some adjoining districts is indeed hair raising.
More than 40 Christians have been killed, a nun mass raped, a woman burnt beyond recognition, more than 400 houses burnt and looted and 35 thousand have fled from their villages to relief camps.
The communal forces are growing stronger and stronger everyday and the political forces is quite indifferent. The government is functioning quite in a lackadaisical manner. It has given complete liberty to communal forces and they are riding roughshod over our secular values and constitutional forces. They never got such license to function freely.
As time is the biggest healer, the nation forgot these dark phases of India’s past and we moved ahead. Leaving behind the religious boundaries, we focussed on how to develop the country in various fields. It’s really a matter of pride for us that we are now neck and neck with other developing nations of the world.
Today, we are one of the biggest economies of the world and serving the world in different fields such as science and technology, medicine, information technology, management and so on. We are now a prosperous nation and from here, we can expect for superpower position.
But, fundamentalist forces have also grown up in the country. Violence in Jammu and Kashmir and Orissa are examples of unfortunate clash in the name of religion.
Right from the beginning of the land row, curfew has been imposed intermittently in Kashmir and Jammu region. But irate protestors frequently defied the curfew in several places. Due to clash between security forces and residents dozens of people have been killed and hundreds others injured so far. The unfortunate stir is still continuing in the state and administration is unable to find out any solution.
Most importantly, it is a tough, almost impossible task for the administration to bring the situation towards normalcy. Only responsible citizens can end the chaos in the states of J&K and Orissa, by leaving behind the menace of communalism.
It is unfortunate, the term ‘secularism’, which has a strong bonhomie with our country is losing its relevance somewhere. In fact, for us the self-interest has become more important than that of the country. We never care what happens next door and forget our sense of humanity. That’s why the communal forces take advantage of our seclusion and get success in their evil motives.
The need of the hour is that, people should remember the principles of secularism, for which we were renowned all over the world. If we do not wake up now and end such violence in the name of religion, the next generation would certainly not pardon us. We are actually shattering the dreams of venerable figures like Mahatma Gandhi, Jawahar Lal Nehru and thousands of freedom fighters who sacrified their lives for this country. Next, with our illogical activities we are making the way easier for our enemies, who always try to disrupt the normal life in the country.
Wednesday, April 28, 2010
Monday, January 25, 2010
New Media, New Crime
New technology can never substitute human values" said Neil Postman an American author , theorist ,cultural critic and most importantly a humanist.What is new media? NEW MEDIA encompass the idea digital or computerized world .Gone are the days where the media heavily relied on analog broadcast models for news In the present changing times the volume of communication has increased my a trillion times also with the increasing speed where there are possibilities of overlap and Although there are several ways that New Media may be described, The New Media Reader edited by Wardrip-Fruin and Montfort defines New Media by using eight simple and concise propositions:
1.New Media versus Cyberculture - Cyberculture is the study of various social phenomena that are associated with the internet and network communications, whereas New Media is concerned more with cultural objects and paradigms.
2.New Media as Computer Technology Used as a Distribution Platform - New Media are the cultural objects which use digital computer technology for distribution and exhibition. e.g. (at least for now) Internet, Web sites, computer multimedia, Blu-ray disks etc. The problem with this is that the definition must be revised every few years. The term "new media" will not be "new" anymore, as most forms of culture will be distributed through computers.
3. New Media as Digital Data Controlled by Software - The language of New Media is based on the assumption that, in fact, all cultural objects that rely on digital representation and computer-based delivery do share a number of common qualities. New media is reduced to digital data that can be manipulated by software as any other data. Now media operations can create several versions of the same object.
4.New Media as the Mix Between Existing Cultural Conventions and the Conventions of Software - "New Media today can be understood as the mix between older cultural conventions for data representation, access, and manipulation and newer conventions of data representation, access, and manipulation." e.g. In film, software is used in some areas of production, in others are created using computer animation.
5.New Media as the Aesthetics that Accompanies the Early Stage of Every New Modern Media and Communication Technology - "While ideological tropes indeed seem to be reappearing rather regularly, many aesthetic strategies may reappear two or three times...In order for this approach to be truly useful it would be insufficient to simple name the strategies and tropes and to record the moments of their appearance; instead, we would have to develop a much more comprehensive analysis which would correlate the history of technology with social, political, and economical histories or the modern period."
6.New Media as Faster Execution of Algorithms Previously Executed Manually or through Other Technologies - Computers are a huge speed-up of what were previously manual techniques. e.g. calculators. "Dramtically speeding up the execution makes possible previously non-existent representational technique." This also makes possible of many new forms of media art such as interactive multimedia and computer games. "On one level, a modern digital computer is just a faster calculator, we should not ignore it's other identity: that of a cybernetic control device."
7.New Media as the Encoding of Modernist Avant-Garde; New Media as Metamedia - Manovich declares that the 1920's are more relevant to New Media than any other time period. Meta-media coincides with postmodernism in that they both rework old work rather than control the cybernetic control device.
8.New Media as Parallel Articulation of Similar Ideas in Post-WWII Art and Modern Computing - Post WWII Art or "combinatorics" involves creating images by systematically changing a single parameter. This leads to the creation or remarkably similar images and spatial structures. "This illustrates that algorithms, this essential part of new media, do not depend on technology, but can be executed by humans."
Crime is a social and economic phenomenon and is as old as the human society. Crime is a legal concept and has the sanction of the law. Crime or an offence is “a legal wrong that can be followed by criminal proceedings which may result into punishment.”(1) The hallmark of criminality is that, it is breach of the criminal law. Per Lord Atkin “the criminal quality of an act cannot be discovered by reference to any standard but one: is the act prohibited with penal consequences”. (2)
A crime may be said to be any conduct accompanied by act or omission prohibited by law and consequential breach of which is visited by penal consequences.
CYBER CRIME
Cyber crime is the latest and perhaps the most complicated problem in the cyber world. “Cyber crime may be said to be those species, of which, genus is the conventional crime, and where either the computer is an object or subject of the conduct constituting crime” (13). “Any criminal activity that uses a computer either as an instrumentality, target or a means for perpetuating further crimes comes within the ambit of cyber crime”(12)
A generalized definition of cyber crime may be “ unlawful acts wherein the computer is either a tool or target or both”(3) The computer may be used as a tool in the following kinds of activity- financial crimes, sale of illegal articles, pornography, online gambling, intellectual property crime, e-mail spoofing, forgery, cyber defamation, cyber stalking. The computer may however be target for unlawful acts in the following cases- unauthorized access to computer/ computer system/ computer networks, theft of information contained in the electronic form, e-mail bombing, data didling, salami attacks, logic bombs, Trojan attacks, internet time thefts, web jacking, theft of computer system, physically damaging the computer system.
DISTINCTION BETWEEN CONVENTIONAL AND CYBER CRIME-
There is apparently no distinction between cyber and conventional crime. However on a deep introspection we may say that there exists a fine line of demarcation between the conventional and cyber crime, which is appreciable. The demarcation lies in the involvement of the medium in cases of cyber crime. The sine qua non for cyber crime is that there should be an involvement, at any stage, of the virtual cyber medium.
REASONS FOR CYBER CRIME:
Hart in his work “ The Concept of Law” has said ‘human beings are vulnerable so rule of law is required to protect them’. Applying this to the cyberspace we may say that computers are vulnerable so rule of law is required to protect and safeguard them against cyber crime. The reasons for the vulnerability of computers may be said to be:
Capacity to store data in comparatively small space-
The computer has unique characteristic of storing data in a very small space. This affords to remove or derive information either through physical or virtual medium makes it much more easier.
Easy to access-
The problem encountered in guarding a computer system from unauthorised access is that there is every possibility of breach not due to human error but due to the complex technology. By secretly implanted logic bomb, key loggers that can steal access codes, advanced voice recorders; retina imagers etc. that can fool biometric systems and bypass firewalls can be utilized to get past many a security system.
3.Complex-
The computers work on operating systems and these operating systems in turn are composed of millions of codes. Human mind is fallible and it is not possible that there might not be a lapse at any stage. The cyber criminals take advantage of these lacunas and penetrate into the computer system.
4.Negligence-
Negligence is very closely connected with human conduct. It is therefore very probable that while protecting the computer system there might be any negligence, which in turn provides a cyber criminal to gain access and control over the computer system.
5. Loss of evidence-
Loss of evidence is a very common & obvious problem as all the data are routinely destroyed. A common example is when a person starts to steal information from sites, or cause damage to, a computer or computer network. This can be entirely virtual in that the information only exists in digital form, and the damage, while real, has no physical consequence other than the machine ceases to function. In some legal systems, intangible property cannot be stolen and the damage must be visible, e.g. as resulting from a blow from a hammer. Where human-centric terminology is used for crimes relying on natural language skills and innate gullibility, definitions have to be modified to ensure that fraudulent behavior remains criminal no matter how it is committed.
A computer can be a source of evidence. Even though the computer is not directly used for criminal purposes, it is an excellent device for record keeping, particularly given the power to encrypt the data. If this evidence can be obtained and decrypted, it can be of great value to criminal investigators.
A number of key factors have been identified:
False accusationsas one of the many cyberstalkers try to damage the reputation of their victim and turn other people against them. They post false information about them on websites. They may set up their own websites, blogs or user pages for this purpose. They post allegations about the victim to newsgroups, chat rooms or other sites that allow public contributions, such as Wikipedia or Amazon.com.[4]
Attempts to gather information about the victim. Cyberstalkers may approach their victim's friends, family and work colleagues to obtain personal information. They may advertise for information on the Internet, or hire a private detective. They often will monitor the victim's online activities and attempt to trace their IP address in an effort to gather more information about their victims. [5]
Encouraging others to harass the victim. Many cyberstalkers try to involve third parties in the harassment. They may claim the victim has harmed the stalker or his/her family in some way, or may post the victim's name and telephone number in order to encourage others to join the pursuit.
False victimization. The cyberstalker will claim that the victim is harassing him/her. Bocij writes that this phenomenon has been noted in a number of well-known cases.
Attacks on data and equipment. They may try to damage the victim's computer by sending viruses.
Ordering goods and services. They order items or subscribe to magazines in the victim's name. These often involve subscriptions to pornography or ordering sex toys then having them delivered to the victim's workplace.
Arranging to meet. Young people face a particularly high risk of having cyberstalkers try to set up meetings between them.[6]
BehaviorsCommunications purporting to be from popular social web sites, auction sites, online payment processors or IT administrators are commonly used to lure the unsuspecting public. Phishing is typically carried out by e-mail or instant messaging,[1] and it often directs users to enter details at a fake website whose look and feel are almost identical to the legitimate one. Even when using server authentication, it may require tremendous skill to detect that the website is fake. Phishing is an example of social engineering techniques used to fool users,[2] and exploits the poor usability of current web security technologies.[3] Attempts to deal with the growing number of reported phishing incidents include legislation, user training, public awareness, and technical security measures.The term ‘cyber crime’ is a misnomer. This term has nowhere been defined in any statute /Act passed or enacted by the Indian Parliament. The concept of cyber crime is not radically different from the concept of conventional crime. Both include conduct whether act or omission, which cause breach of rules of law and counterbalanced by the sanction of the state.
Before evaluating the concept of cyber crime it is obvious that the concept of conventional crime be discussed and the points of similarity and deviance between both these forms may be discussed.
CONVENTIONAL CRIME-
Further collection of data outside the territorial extent also paralyses this system of crime investigation.
With various hacking methods on a rise illegal online activity such as pornography,identity thefts and various other anti social elements are creeping into the society.Due to the fast bridging gaps between virtual reality and reality in general there is a kind of a social change that is occurring at a very fast pace of which the psychological impacts are huge .Implications of these cyber crime may just be the beginning of the cyber warfare which is near possible future.the fast evaporating lines between virtual and reality is scary.As the latin saying goes quis custodiet ipos custodes meaning When the guardians turn enemies then whom do we turn to is the question we need to ask ourselves before its to late.....
1.New Media versus Cyberculture - Cyberculture is the study of various social phenomena that are associated with the internet and network communications, whereas New Media is concerned more with cultural objects and paradigms.
2.New Media as Computer Technology Used as a Distribution Platform - New Media are the cultural objects which use digital computer technology for distribution and exhibition. e.g. (at least for now) Internet, Web sites, computer multimedia, Blu-ray disks etc. The problem with this is that the definition must be revised every few years. The term "new media" will not be "new" anymore, as most forms of culture will be distributed through computers.
3. New Media as Digital Data Controlled by Software - The language of New Media is based on the assumption that, in fact, all cultural objects that rely on digital representation and computer-based delivery do share a number of common qualities. New media is reduced to digital data that can be manipulated by software as any other data. Now media operations can create several versions of the same object.
4.New Media as the Mix Between Existing Cultural Conventions and the Conventions of Software - "New Media today can be understood as the mix between older cultural conventions for data representation, access, and manipulation and newer conventions of data representation, access, and manipulation." e.g. In film, software is used in some areas of production, in others are created using computer animation.
5.New Media as the Aesthetics that Accompanies the Early Stage of Every New Modern Media and Communication Technology - "While ideological tropes indeed seem to be reappearing rather regularly, many aesthetic strategies may reappear two or three times...In order for this approach to be truly useful it would be insufficient to simple name the strategies and tropes and to record the moments of their appearance; instead, we would have to develop a much more comprehensive analysis which would correlate the history of technology with social, political, and economical histories or the modern period."
6.New Media as Faster Execution of Algorithms Previously Executed Manually or through Other Technologies - Computers are a huge speed-up of what were previously manual techniques. e.g. calculators. "Dramtically speeding up the execution makes possible previously non-existent representational technique." This also makes possible of many new forms of media art such as interactive multimedia and computer games. "On one level, a modern digital computer is just a faster calculator, we should not ignore it's other identity: that of a cybernetic control device."
7.New Media as the Encoding of Modernist Avant-Garde; New Media as Metamedia - Manovich declares that the 1920's are more relevant to New Media than any other time period. Meta-media coincides with postmodernism in that they both rework old work rather than control the cybernetic control device.
8.New Media as Parallel Articulation of Similar Ideas in Post-WWII Art and Modern Computing - Post WWII Art or "combinatorics" involves creating images by systematically changing a single parameter. This leads to the creation or remarkably similar images and spatial structures. "This illustrates that algorithms, this essential part of new media, do not depend on technology, but can be executed by humans."
Crime is a social and economic phenomenon and is as old as the human society. Crime is a legal concept and has the sanction of the law. Crime or an offence is “a legal wrong that can be followed by criminal proceedings which may result into punishment.”(1) The hallmark of criminality is that, it is breach of the criminal law. Per Lord Atkin “the criminal quality of an act cannot be discovered by reference to any standard but one: is the act prohibited with penal consequences”. (2)
A crime may be said to be any conduct accompanied by act or omission prohibited by law and consequential breach of which is visited by penal consequences.
CYBER CRIME
Cyber crime is the latest and perhaps the most complicated problem in the cyber world. “Cyber crime may be said to be those species, of which, genus is the conventional crime, and where either the computer is an object or subject of the conduct constituting crime” (13). “Any criminal activity that uses a computer either as an instrumentality, target or a means for perpetuating further crimes comes within the ambit of cyber crime”(12)
A generalized definition of cyber crime may be “ unlawful acts wherein the computer is either a tool or target or both”(3) The computer may be used as a tool in the following kinds of activity- financial crimes, sale of illegal articles, pornography, online gambling, intellectual property crime, e-mail spoofing, forgery, cyber defamation, cyber stalking. The computer may however be target for unlawful acts in the following cases- unauthorized access to computer/ computer system/ computer networks, theft of information contained in the electronic form, e-mail bombing, data didling, salami attacks, logic bombs, Trojan attacks, internet time thefts, web jacking, theft of computer system, physically damaging the computer system.
DISTINCTION BETWEEN CONVENTIONAL AND CYBER CRIME-
There is apparently no distinction between cyber and conventional crime. However on a deep introspection we may say that there exists a fine line of demarcation between the conventional and cyber crime, which is appreciable. The demarcation lies in the involvement of the medium in cases of cyber crime. The sine qua non for cyber crime is that there should be an involvement, at any stage, of the virtual cyber medium.
REASONS FOR CYBER CRIME:
Hart in his work “ The Concept of Law” has said ‘human beings are vulnerable so rule of law is required to protect them’. Applying this to the cyberspace we may say that computers are vulnerable so rule of law is required to protect and safeguard them against cyber crime. The reasons for the vulnerability of computers may be said to be:
Capacity to store data in comparatively small space-
The computer has unique characteristic of storing data in a very small space. This affords to remove or derive information either through physical or virtual medium makes it much more easier.
Easy to access-
The problem encountered in guarding a computer system from unauthorised access is that there is every possibility of breach not due to human error but due to the complex technology. By secretly implanted logic bomb, key loggers that can steal access codes, advanced voice recorders; retina imagers etc. that can fool biometric systems and bypass firewalls can be utilized to get past many a security system.
3.Complex-
The computers work on operating systems and these operating systems in turn are composed of millions of codes. Human mind is fallible and it is not possible that there might not be a lapse at any stage. The cyber criminals take advantage of these lacunas and penetrate into the computer system.
4.Negligence-
Negligence is very closely connected with human conduct. It is therefore very probable that while protecting the computer system there might be any negligence, which in turn provides a cyber criminal to gain access and control over the computer system.
5. Loss of evidence-
Loss of evidence is a very common & obvious problem as all the data are routinely destroyed. A common example is when a person starts to steal information from sites, or cause damage to, a computer or computer network. This can be entirely virtual in that the information only exists in digital form, and the damage, while real, has no physical consequence other than the machine ceases to function. In some legal systems, intangible property cannot be stolen and the damage must be visible, e.g. as resulting from a blow from a hammer. Where human-centric terminology is used for crimes relying on natural language skills and innate gullibility, definitions have to be modified to ensure that fraudulent behavior remains criminal no matter how it is committed.
A computer can be a source of evidence. Even though the computer is not directly used for criminal purposes, it is an excellent device for record keeping, particularly given the power to encrypt the data. If this evidence can be obtained and decrypted, it can be of great value to criminal investigators.
A number of key factors have been identified:
False accusationsas one of the many cyberstalkers try to damage the reputation of their victim and turn other people against them. They post false information about them on websites. They may set up their own websites, blogs or user pages for this purpose. They post allegations about the victim to newsgroups, chat rooms or other sites that allow public contributions, such as Wikipedia or Amazon.com.[4]
Attempts to gather information about the victim. Cyberstalkers may approach their victim's friends, family and work colleagues to obtain personal information. They may advertise for information on the Internet, or hire a private detective. They often will monitor the victim's online activities and attempt to trace their IP address in an effort to gather more information about their victims. [5]
Encouraging others to harass the victim. Many cyberstalkers try to involve third parties in the harassment. They may claim the victim has harmed the stalker or his/her family in some way, or may post the victim's name and telephone number in order to encourage others to join the pursuit.
False victimization. The cyberstalker will claim that the victim is harassing him/her. Bocij writes that this phenomenon has been noted in a number of well-known cases.
Attacks on data and equipment. They may try to damage the victim's computer by sending viruses.
Ordering goods and services. They order items or subscribe to magazines in the victim's name. These often involve subscriptions to pornography or ordering sex toys then having them delivered to the victim's workplace.
Arranging to meet. Young people face a particularly high risk of having cyberstalkers try to set up meetings between them.[6]
BehaviorsCommunications purporting to be from popular social web sites, auction sites, online payment processors or IT administrators are commonly used to lure the unsuspecting public. Phishing is typically carried out by e-mail or instant messaging,[1] and it often directs users to enter details at a fake website whose look and feel are almost identical to the legitimate one. Even when using server authentication, it may require tremendous skill to detect that the website is fake. Phishing is an example of social engineering techniques used to fool users,[2] and exploits the poor usability of current web security technologies.[3] Attempts to deal with the growing number of reported phishing incidents include legislation, user training, public awareness, and technical security measures.The term ‘cyber crime’ is a misnomer. This term has nowhere been defined in any statute /Act passed or enacted by the Indian Parliament. The concept of cyber crime is not radically different from the concept of conventional crime. Both include conduct whether act or omission, which cause breach of rules of law and counterbalanced by the sanction of the state.
Before evaluating the concept of cyber crime it is obvious that the concept of conventional crime be discussed and the points of similarity and deviance between both these forms may be discussed.
CONVENTIONAL CRIME-
Further collection of data outside the territorial extent also paralyses this system of crime investigation.
With various hacking methods on a rise illegal online activity such as pornography,identity thefts and various other anti social elements are creeping into the society.Due to the fast bridging gaps between virtual reality and reality in general there is a kind of a social change that is occurring at a very fast pace of which the psychological impacts are huge .Implications of these cyber crime may just be the beginning of the cyber warfare which is near possible future.the fast evaporating lines between virtual and reality is scary.As the latin saying goes quis custodiet ipos custodes meaning When the guardians turn enemies then whom do we turn to is the question we need to ask ourselves before its to late.....
Sunday, January 24, 2010
Is oppertunity the authority to wisdom
It is day since my friend told that being more acclaimed is to be wiser and It made me think . Is it really the truth cause the world is prejudiced and baised to those who have not been bestowed with an oppertunity to perform .Wisdom is force that uses minimum energy but gives you maximum and optimum results .Wisdom or being wiser is not determined by what has to be done the pollitically correct way but doing something regular in extraordiarly new way .Choice that we make as a person defines us of who we are but is that thae standard judgement of what we do or will do in the future .Life in general is the biggest experience one can have which has an oppertunity around the corner for every one breathing in this earth but you never really when it might just take a U turn.
But let us not be prejudiced about what we think ourselves. As humans we tend to either underestimate or overestimate ourselves .And that determines or judgement towards others that we meet .I think we should learn to accept peop;e for who they are and what they do.One should not have preassumption or accusations about a person just cause the world has that of an opinion about it .Learn to have an opinion that cater to you Judge yourself before you can judge others .......... cheers
But let us not be prejudiced about what we think ourselves. As humans we tend to either underestimate or overestimate ourselves .And that determines or judgement towards others that we meet .I think we should learn to accept peop;e for who they are and what they do.One should not have preassumption or accusations about a person just cause the world has that of an opinion about it .Learn to have an opinion that cater to you Judge yourself before you can judge others .......... cheers
Wednesday, January 20, 2010
Indian music still thriving among the youth..
Yesterday I attended a carnatic music concert as a reporter for the online newspaper that I work for i.e http://www.themanipaljournal.com/ i realised the Indian classical music still appeals to todays youth which was amazing . On a day were people know about more about Colplay than M.S Subbalaxmi was pleasent surprise . Well no offence to Coldpaly as I love there music too but , there is a significance divide were people know more about Bollywood music than Indaian classical . It was kind of symbolic that even at the age of headbanging Indaian classical misic still finds its own special place .
So here is to today youth ...which signify that we are still connected to our roots.
So here is to today youth ...which signify that we are still connected to our roots.
Monday, January 18, 2010
SHERLOCK HOLMES THE GUY RITCHIE WAY
I recently watched Sherlock Holmes that was really a piece of well crafted entertainment worth all the hoopla surrounding it. The excellent screenplay and cinematography is a complete visual treat. Robert Downey Jr plays the rugged version of the suave Holmes to which Jude Law plays a perfect partner as Dr. John Watson . The screen chemistry between Downey and and Law is crackling. Rachel McAdams (of the fame The Notebook) portrays Irene Adler with poise and charm that truly brings Holmes to the ends of his wit. Guy Ritchie whose previous work includes Lock ,Stock And Smoking Barrels and Snatch has brought a new flavor to Sir Aurther Connan Doyle's characters with a new story just like old wine in new bottle ......... so 2 thumbs up for Sherlock Holmes the greatest fictional detective characters of a ll times........Go watch it.........
Sunday, January 17, 2010
JYOTI BABSU THE COMMUNIST CZAR
Jyoti Basu was India's communist czar. Who holds the record of serving as the chief minister of West Bengal from 1977 to 2000. A member of the CPI(M) Politburo who was introduced to COMMUNIST PARTY in England. He was a man of power who grew from the people .He was educated in some of most renowned institutions of the world which inspired him to serve the people of this country. He was a political stalwart, a man with carismatic approach to his ideologies. .Today when he passed away the country pays him respect. Although a man with a great political career ,he had refused to become the PM in the year 1996 even though there was apolitical consences among the parties. Which he later regarded as the biggest blunder of his life. He was succeeded by Prakash Karat as the Communist supremo and Buddhadeb Bhattacharya as the CM of bengal .He led a life of struggle but who always had mass following by his side always . Today the state looses mourns for the loss of its father figure.
INRODUCTION TO CYBER WORLD
Hello bloggers.....................
I am a media student studying in manipal university .I am a 19 year old girl with a lot of opinions about everything ,
as they say " it is the opinion which defines you as a person but it is the choices which creates the human being that you are."
I love watching movies as they let me experience emotions and situations that I am yet to confront so you see movies is not just entertainment for me, its more . Media studies is something that I have always wanted to ever since i remember being a 6 year old. So i love what i am doing and I belive in living the moment which I truly do. My sense of humor is ironic but it IS not crude or crass.I have a lot of hobbies like travelling for instance and talking . I AM A SELF CONFESSED CHATTERBOX................ BUT I DO NOT TALK RUBBISH........ My political views are highly liberal and SO WITH THIS FIRST ENTRY I INTRODUCE MY SELF TO THE CYBER WORLD..........
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